[Characteristics, Sources Apportionment, and Health Risks of PM2.5-bound PAHs and Their Derivatives Before and After Heating in Zibo City].

Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives are a global problem that influences the environment and threatens human health. To investigate the characteristics, sources, and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their derivatives, PM2.5 were collected at an urban site in Zibo from November 5 to December 26, 2020, and the concentrations of 16 conventional PAHs, nine NPAHs, and five OPAHs in PM2.5 were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Source apportionment of PAHs and their derivatives was conducted using diagnostic ratios and a PMF model, and the health risks of PAHs and their derivatives to adult men and women were evaluated using the source-dependent incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model. The results showed that the average concentrations of ∑16pPAHs, ∑9NPAHs, and ∑5OPAHs in PM2.5 of Zibo City during the sampling period were (41.61 ± 13.40), (6.38 ± 5.70), and (53.20 ± 53.47) ng·m-3, respectively. The concentrations of the three PAHs increased significantly after heating, which were 1.31, 2.04, and 5.24 times larger than those before heating. During the sampling period, Chr, BaP, and BaA were the dominant components of pPAHs; 9N-Ant and 2N-Flt + 3N-Flt were the dominant components of NPAHs; and ATQ and BZO were the dominant components of OPAHs. Source apportionment results showed that motor vehicles were the main source of PAHs and their derivatives in PM2.5 before heating, whereas after heating, the main sources were the mixed source of coal and biomass combustion and secondary formation. The total BaP equivalent (TEQ) was 14.5 ng·m-3 during the sampling period, and the TEQ increased significantly after heating, which was approximately 1.2 times of that before heating. Assisted by the individual PAH source apportionment results, the ILCR of PM2.5-boundPAHs and NPAHs in Zibo City had a certain potential carcinogenic risk for adult males (1.06 × 10-5) and females (9.32 × 10-6). Among them, the health risks of PAHs from gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, and coal/biomass combustion were significantly higher than those from other emission sources.

Isolation and antioxidant activity of peptides from Chinese hairy tofu.

Hairy tofu is a famous Chinese snack that is made from soybeans and rich in various nutrients. In order to further explore the antioxidant peptides of hairy tofu hydrolysates, seven proteases were used to hydrolyze hairy tofu. The results of in vitro radical scavenging activity showed that hairy tofu hydrolysates obtained by pancreatin exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. After Sephadex G-25 gel filtration and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), 97 peptides were identified in the most antioxidant fraction using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among them, nine peptides were synthesized and their antioxidant activities were assessed using a H2 O2 -induced oxidative 293T cell model. Finally, four peptides (QCESHK, LAWNEGR, NLQGENEWDQK, and FTEMWR) at concentrations of < 50 µg/ml significantly decreased the malondialdehyde content compared with the model group, displaying in vivo antioxidant activity and low cytotoxicity. Overall, this research provided the choice of using hairy tofu peptides as antioxidant products in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

[Quantification of Ozone Pollution Transport Based on Four-dimensional Flux Method in Foshan, China].

Quantifying the contribution of transport processes to air pollution events has been a prominent challenge and an important need in regional air pollution prevention and control. The WRF-Chem model was used to simulate a typical regional ozone (O3) pollution event in Foshan, and the four-dimensional flux method was applied to quantify the transport fluxes of ozone and its precursors from the surrounding areas to Foshan and to clarify the contributions of the direct transport of ozone and transport of precursors. The average ozone flux from the surrounding areas to Foshan was 120.3 t·h-1, the volatile organic compound (VOCs) flux was 30.2 t·h-1, and the corresponding ozone formation potential (OFP) was 114.8 t·h-1. By counting the transport fluxes of each ozone pollution event, it was found that the city with the largest ozone flux into Foshan during the pollution period was Guangzhou (contributed 44%); the city with the largest input VOCs flux was Zhaoqing (contributed 48%). The analysis of ozone generation potential due to transported VOCs emissions found that oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) contributed the most to OFP, accounting for 47% of the "maximum input events." OVOCs and aromatic hydrocarbons such as formaldehyde, xylenes, aldehydes, acetone, and phenols were the top five species contributing to the OFP, contributing more than 50% of the total OFP, mainly from industrial solvent sources.

The clinical effect evaluation of multidisciplinary collaborative team combined with palliative care model in patients with terminal cancer: a randomised controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effect of a multidisciplinary collaboration team combined with a palliative care model in patients with terminal cancer. METHOD: A total of 84 patients diagnosed with terminal cancer in our hospital were included and randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group, with 42 cases in each group. Patients in the intervention group were treated by a multidisciplinary collaborative team combined with the palliative care model, and patients in the control group were treated by routine nursing intervention. The Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to evaluate negative emotions and anxiety and depression of patients before and after intervention. The Quality of Life Scale (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer [EORTC] QLQ-C30) and Social Support Scale (SSRS) were used to evaluate the quality of life and social support of patients. This study has been registered in 13/01/2023 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05683236). RESULT: The general data of the two groups were comparable. After intervention, the SAS (43.7 ± 7.4 vs. 54.2 ± 9.3) and SDS scores (38.4 ± 6.5 vs. 53.1 ± 8.4) of the intervention group were significantly lower than those of the control group. The total SSRS score, subjective support score, objective support score and utilisation of support of the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The overall quality of life score of the intervention group was higher than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (79.5 ± 4.5 vs. 73.2 ± 3.6, P < 0.05). The scores of each functional scale were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Compared with conventional nursing, the application of the multidisciplinary collaborative team combined with tranquilisation therapy in patients with terminal cancer can significantly reduce the anxiety and depression of patients, enable patients to obtain comprehensive social support, and effectively improve the quality of life of patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT05683236, 13/01/2023, Retrospectively registered.

[Characterization and Formation Mechanism of Water-soluble Inorganic Ions in PM2.5 and PM10 in Summer in the Urban Agglomeration of the Ili River Valley].

The simultaneous observation and analysis of atmospheric particles on a regional scale is an important approach to developing control strategies for air pollution. To study the spatial distribution characteristics of particulate matter and water-soluble inorganic ions in the Ili Valley Urban agglomeration, PM2.5 and PM10 samples were synchronously collected from July 19 to July 29, 2021 in Yining City and the surrounding three counties, and then nine types of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were analyzed. The spatial distribution characteristics, existence form of WSIIs, and influencing factors were discussed in depth. The results showed that the average ρ(PM2.5) and ρ(PM10) in the Ili River Valley urban agglomeration in summer were 23 µg·m-3 and 59 µg·m-3, respectively. The emission of local industrial and mobile sources in Yining City was higher than that of the surrounding three counties, resulting in the highest ρ(PM2.5) in the region (25 µg·m-3). Due to the influence of dust sources and topography, the ρ(PM10) in Yining county was the highest in the region (63 µg·m-3). Huocheng county is located upwind of the region, and these favorable diffusion conditions resulted in the lowest ρ(PM2.5) and ρ(PM10) (20 µg·m-3 and 49 µg·m-3, respectively). The concentrations of WSIIs in PM2.5 and PM10 ranged from 28.2%-29.9% and 16.0%-20.2%, respectively. The four main ions (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, and Ca2+) accounted for approximately 90% of WSIIs mass concentrations. The concentration order of the four main ions in PM2.5 was SO42->Ca2+>NH4+>NO3- and SO42->Ca2+>NO3->NH4+ in PM10. The results of correlation analysis showed that the similar SO42- concentrations in the four cities were mainly caused by regional transport. Ca2+ was the highest-concentration ion in PM10 of Yining City and Qapqal Xibe Autonomous county, and the proportion of Ca2+ was significantly higher than that in most cities in China, which reflected that the cities in the core area of the Ili Valley were greatly affected by the dust sources. The ratios of n(NO3-)/n(SO42-) in PM2.5 and PM10 were 0.78 and 0.76, respectively, indicating that the influence of stationary sources was greater than that of mobile sources. The ratio of n(NO3-)/n(SO42-) in Yining City>Huocheng county>Yining county>Qapqal Xibe Autonomous county, which was consistent with the motor vehicle populations of the four cities, reflecting that Yining City was affected by motor vehicle sources more than the surrounding three counties. The secondary components mainly existed in the form of (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, and NH4NO3. There was excess ammonia after the reaction between NH4+ and SO42- in each city. NH4NO3 mainly existed in Yining City, which was mainly related to high NO2 in Yining City. The NOR of the four cities were 0.03-0.10 and 0.03-0.16 in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively, and the secondary transformation of NO3- was weak due to the influence of high temperatures in summer. The SOR were 0.21-0.41 and 0.23-0.44, respectively. The SOR of Qapqal Xibe Autonomous county was the highest due to the relatively high humidity, whereas the SOR of Huocheng county was higher than that of the three sites in Yining City due to the influence of regional transportation. The formation mechanisms showed that SO42- in Qapqal Xibe Autonomous county and Yining City were mainly produced by the heterogeneous reaction, and in Yining county it was mainly formed via the homogeneous reaction. However, the formation mechanism in Huocheng county was complex and was affected by both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions.

[Identification of metabolites of Yiqi Baoyuan Prescription in rat plasma, bile, urine and feces after oral administration].

This study was designed to determine the metabolites of Yiqi Baoyuan Prescription(YQBYP) in rats. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-TOF-MS) and mass defect filter(MDF) were employed to analyze the metabolites of YQBYP in rat plasma, bile, urine and feces. Chromatographic separation was conducted on Acquity UPLC BEH C_(18) column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm) under gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution(A)-acetonitrile(B), and the column temperature was 30 ℃. Electrospray ion(ESI) source was used under positive and negative ion modes, with capillary voltage of 3.0 kV and mass scanning range of m/z 100-1 000. In this experiment, 9 prototype components and 36 metabolites were identified in rat plasma, bile, urine and feces samples. The results showed that the main metabolic pathways of YQBYP in rats involved methylation, demethylation, oxidation, and other phase Ⅰ reactions as well as glucuronidation, sulfation, and other phase Ⅱ reactions. This study provided scientific basis for clarifying the therapeutic material basis of YQBYP and product development.

[Influence of enteral feeding initiation time on intestinal flora and metabolites in very low birth weight infants: a prospective study]. / ä¸åŒè‚ å† è¥å »å¼€å§‹æ—¶é—´å¯¹æžä½Žå‡ºç”Ÿä½“é‡å„¿è‚ é“èŒç¾¤åŠä»£è°¢äº§ç‰©å½±å“çš„å‰çž»æ€§ç ”ç©¶.

OBJECTIVES: To study the influence of enteral feeding initiation time on intestinal flora and metabolites in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHODS: A total of 29 VLBW infants who were admitted to the Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, from June to December, 2020, were enrolled as subjects. According to the enteral feeding initiation time after birth, the infants were divided into two groups: <24 hours (n=15) and 24-72 hours (n=14). Fecal samples were collected at weeks 2 and 4 of hospitalization, and 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to analyze the microflora and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) respectively in fecal samples. RESULTS: The analysis of microflora showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in Chao index (reflecting the abundance of microflora) and Shannon index (reflecting the diversity of microflora) at weeks 2 and 4 after birth (P>0.05). The analysis of flora composition showed that there was no significant difference in the main microflora at the phylum and genus levels between the two groups at weeks 2 and 4 after birth (P>0.05). The comparison of SCFAs between the two groups showed that the <24 hours group had a significantly higher level of propionic acid than the 24-72 hours group at week 4 (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the total amount of SCFAs and the content of the other SCFAs between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Early enteral feeding has no influence on the diversity and abundance of intestinal flora in VLBW infants, but enteral feeding within 24 hours can increase the level of propionic acid, a metabolite of intestinal flora.

[Pollution Characteristics of Water-soluble Ions in PM2.5 During the Lantern Festival of 2021 in Zibo City].

Based on the online ion data, we have analyzed the cause of a PM2.5 pollution episode, which happened during the Lantern Festival in Zibo in 2021. The pollution characteristics of water-soluble ion components were analyzed, the formation mechanism of secondary inorganic ions (SNA) was discussed, and the changes in the liquid water content (LWC) and pH value of particulate matter before and after pollution were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the pollution period before the Lantern Festival (T1) and the pollution period at night (T2) ρ(WSIIs) during the Lantern Festival were 46.83 µg·m-3 and 71.18 µg·m-3, respectively, which were 2.3 times and 3.6 times that of the cleaning period, respectively. Among them, the growth multiple of SNA during the T1 period was greater[ρ(NO3-) was 2.9 times, ρ(SO42-) was 2.8 times, and ρ(NH4+) was 2.4 times] than the growth multiple of PM2.5 (2.1 times), which showed that the increase in SNA concentration during the T1 period was the main reason for the increase in PM2.5 concentration. Furthermore, the Cl-, K+, and Mg2+ concentrations, which were 4.0, 14.8, and 16.5 times that of the cleaning period, respectively, increased significantly during the T2 period, indicating that the fireworks and firecrackers caused the rapid increase in the PM2.5 concentration during the T2 period. The LWC during the pollution period was 49.37 µg·m-3, which was 2.9 times that of the cleaning period. LWC was mainly affected by RH and NH4+ during the T1 period and was also affected by Mg2+ during the T2 period. The average pH during the pollution period in Zibo was 4.79±1.54, which was 0.14 lower than that during the cleaning period. The pH during the T1 period was affected by the combined effects of SO42- and NH4+, which made it decrease 0.53 compared to that during the cleaning period. The pH value during the T2 period may be affected by the K+, Cl-, and Mg2+ emitted from the fireworks and firecrackers, causing the pH to increase 0.65 compared to that during the cleaning period. The formation mechanism showed that SO42- was mainly generated by heterogeneous hydrolysis during the pollution episode, whereas NO3- was mainly generated by homogeneous reactions. On the whole, during the pollution episode, the increase in PM2.5 concentration before the Lantern Festival was mainly caused by the increase in SNA concentration, and the increase the night of the Lantern Festival was mainly caused by setting off fireworks and firecrackers.

Knee Scores of Patients with Non-Lateral Compartmental Knee Osteoarthritis Undergoing Mobile, Fixed-Bearing Unicompartmental Knee and Total Knee Arthroplasties: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate knee scores and clinical efficacies of patients with non-lateral unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis (OA) who randomly underwent mobile-bearing (MB) unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), fixed-bearing (FB) UKA, and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: From September 2015 to February 2017, a prospective, randomized, parallel, single-center trial of 180 patients (78 males and 102 females; 63.3 ± 6.9 years) with non-lateral compartmental knee OA was performed in the first author-affiliated hospital. The patients were randomly divided into three groups (each group included 60 patients) and received medial cemented Oxford phase 3 MB UKA, medial cemented Link FB UKA, or cemented DePuy Sigma PFC TKA, respectively. A similar perioperative management and fast-track surgery program was carried out for all patients. The knee scores at 3-year follow-up after operation and clinical efficacies of these three groups of patients were recorded, investigated, and compared. RESULTS: Primarily, compared to the TKA group, the UKA groups (MB UKA and FB UKA) had shorter operative time (median 63.2 < 67.1 min), less bleeding (8.6 < 30.0 mL), earlier resumption of walking without crutches (3.0 < 8.0 days) and walking up and down the stairs (5.0 < 10.0 days) (P < 0.001), higher FJS scores (78.0 > 74.5) (P = 0.007), better results in all knee scores (except VAS and KSS function scores) (P < 0.05), and a larger maximum flexion angle of the knee at the 3-year follow-up (123.0° > 96.0°) (P = 0.001). Secondarily, compared to the TKA group, the MB UKA group showed better results in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities index (WOMAC) stiffness (83.6 > 79.6), WOMAC total (86.3 > 83.2), Oxford knee score (OKS) (20.0 < 23.0), Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) (78.5 > 74.5), and a larger maximum flexion angle of the knee (123.0 > 96.0) (P < 0.05). Moreover, the FB UKA group showed higher Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score (HSS) (91.0 > 88.5), WOMAC stiffness (84.3 > 79.6), WOMAC function (85.2 > 81.7), WOMAC total scores (87.6 > 83.2), and a larger maximum flexion angle of the knee (119.0° > 96.0°) than the TKA group (P < 0.05). Overall, there was no significant difference in all knee scores and maximum flexion angles of the knee for the MB UKA and FB UKA groups (P > 0.05). There was one case with original bearing dislocation in MB UKA group. One patient with displacement of the femoral component caused by a fall injury, and another patient, who lost his life in a car accident, were involved in the FB UKA group. There was an infection case and an intermuscular vein thrombosis case in TKA group. CONCLUSION: UKA showed more advantages than TKA; however, there was no significant difference between the MB UKA and FB UKA groups for treatment of non-lateral compartmental knee OA.

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes in overweight or obese pregnant women: A review.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host. Specific probiotics or probiotic foods can be used to reduce the risk of diseases associated with aberrant gut microbiota composition. The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has increased annually with the proportion of overweight and obese people. Overweight or obese pregnant women are at high risk of GDM and have obvious changes in gut microbiota compared with normal-weight pregnant women. Specific probiotics or probiotic foods may alter gut microbiota in overweight or obese pregnant women and inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors, consequently resulting in weight loss and reduced insulin resistance. This review discusses the mechanism of probiotics on GDM, as well as the dose, method and duration of probiotics use, and summarizes current evidence on probiotics in improving glucose metabolism and other maternal and infant outcomes in overweight/obese pregnant women.

A New Three-Dimensional Classification of Proximal Tibiofibular Fractures: A Multicenter Study.

OBJECTIVES: To propose an updated definition of proximal tibia and fibula fracture (PTFF) and establish a three-dimensional (3D) structure-based classification of PTFF. METHODS: In total, 1358 adult patients (837 males and 521 females; 43.61 ± 15.13 years， 1364 affected knees) who were diagnosed with PTFF at the departments of orthopaedic surgery of four hospitals from January 2010 to December 2019 were enrolled. The new classification of PTFF, termed Wu classification, included three parts: classification of columns in the horizontal plane, regions in the frontal plane, and segments in the sagittal plane. All PTFFs were classified according to Schatzker, Luo, and Wu classification systems. Additionally, the incidence and characteristics of PTFFs were analyzed. RESULTS: The major internal structural fractures of PTFF were tibial plateau fracture (TPF) only (725, 53.15%), TPF and proximal fibular fracture (274, 20.09%), and isolated avulsion fracture of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) (189, 13.86%). Approximately a quarter of PTFF cases could not be classified using Schatzker or Luo classifications, but all PTFF cases could be classified using Wu classification. The most frequent PTFFs included all four columns in region IV, segment 2 (235, 17.23%); the posterolateral and posteromedial columns in region II, segment 2 (191, 14.00%); and the lateral and posterolateral columns in region IV, segment 2 (136, 9.97%). Isolated avulsion fracture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was categorized as three injury types, most of which involved the lateral and medial columns in region II, segment 1 (40/63, 64%). More than 97% of cases of isolated fractures of the PCL involved the posterolateral and posteromedial columns in region II, segment 2. The most frequent combined avulsion fracture of the ACL and PCL included all four columns in region II, segment 2 (18/24, 75%). All of the isolated avulsion fractures of the ACL were located in segment 1, and all those of the PCL in segment 2. The most common type of isolated proximal fibular fracture involved the posterolateral column in region III, segment 2 (23/26, 88%). The most frequent combined TPF and proximal fibular fracture involved all four columns in region IV, segment 2 (107/274, 39.05%). CONCLUSIONS: All cases of PTFF could be classified by the new 3D Wu classification which should be beneficial for clinical diagnosis, guidance of treatment, statistical analysis, academic communication, and prognosis, and the most frequent PTFF involved all four columns in region IV, segment 2.

LncRNA LINC00337 sponges mir-1285-3p to promote proliferation and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells by upregulating YTHDF1.

BACKGROUND: Emerging studies have shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) predominantly function in the carcinogenesis of multiple developing human tumors. The current study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of LINC00337 in lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS: We analyzed TCGA and GTEx datasets and chose LINC00337 as the research object. Cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and invasion were detected in the gain and loss experiments of LINC00337 both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, RNA pull-down, luciferase reporter assays, western blotting analysis, and rescue experiments were performed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of LINC00337 function. RESULTS: LINC00337 expression was remarkably upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma. In addition, LINC00337 knockdown was shown to repress cell migration, invasion, and proliferation, as well as the cell cycle, and gear up apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. With respect to the mechanism, LINC00337 knockdown boosted miR-1285-3p expression and then restrained YTHDF1 expression post-transcriptionally. Crucially, both miR-1285-3p decrement and YTHDF1 overexpression successfully reversed the influence on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis caused by LINC00337 shRNA. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that LINC00337 acts as an oncogenic lncRNA, targeting miR-1285-3p and regulating YTHDF1 expression, to promote the progression of lung adenocarcinoma.

LncRNA AC079630.4 expression associated with the progression and prognosis in lung cancer.

Mounting evidence has demonstrated the important role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development and progression of lung cancer. In this study, we combined the methods of bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation, and aim to investigate the clinical significance and underlying mechanism of the novel lncRNA AC079630.4 in lung cancer. Finally, we found that AC079630.4 was significantly down-regulated in lung cancer tissues, including in its subtypes. Samples with low AC079630.4 expression had a more advanced pathological stage and a worse prognosis than those with high expression. In functional prediction, the KEGG pathway of apoptosis and the TRAIL signaling pathway were enriched in the samples with high AC079630.4 expression. In experimental validation, AC079630.4 over-expression could significantly inhibit the proliferation and clonality, and up-regulated the receptors of TRAIL (TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2) in lung cancer cells. In conclusion, we adopted the methods of bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation, and identified a novel lncRNA of AC079630.4 as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer.

Immunologic mechanism of fungal keratitis.

Fungal keratitis (FK) is a refractory disease that poses a serious threat to vision, with common risk factors like eye trauma, contact lens wearing, topical corticosteroids and antibiotic abuse. Nowadays, topical and systemic anti-fungal drugs and ocular surgeries are still the main therapeutic modalities. However, the pathogenesis of FK, especially the immunologic mechanism within it, has not yet been deeply clarified. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of FK is imperative for more effective therapies and prognosis. Meanwhile, the immune protection strategies are also urgently required to manage FK. This review highlights recent advances in the immunologic mechanism in the pathogenesis of FK, in hope of providing valuable reference information for more effective anti-fungal treatment.

Analysis of psychological status and effect of psychological intervention in quarantined population during the epidemic of SARS-CoV-2.

ABSTRACT: During outbreaks of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many countries adopted quarantine to slow the spread of the virus of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Quarantine will cause isolation from families, friends, and the public, which consequently leads to serious psychological pressure with potentially long-lasting effects on the quarantined population. Experience of specific practices to improve the psychological status of the mandatory quarantined population was limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological impact of mandatory quarantine, and evaluate the effect of psychological intervention on the quarantined population.We conducted a prospective cohort study to assess and manage the psychological status of a mandatory quarantined population in Beijing, China. A total of 638 individuals completed 2 questionnaires and were enrolled in this study, of which 372 participants accepted designed psychological intervention while other 266 participants refused it. The SCL-90 questionnaire was used to evaluate the psychological status and its change before and after the intervention. The differences of SCL-90 factor scores between participants and the national norm group were assessed by 2 samples t test. While the SCL-90 factor scores before and after intervention were compared with 2 paired samples t test.Compared with the Chinese norms of SCL-90, the participants had higher SCL-90 factor scores in most items of the SCL-90 inventory. The SCL-90 factor scores of participants with psychological intervention significantly decreased in somatization, obsessive-compulsive, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. In contrast, most factor scores of the SCL-90 inventory changed little without statistical significance in participants without psychological intervention.Psychological problems should be emphasized in the quarantined individuals and professional psychological intervention was a feasible approach to improve the psychological status of the mandatory quarantined population in the epidemic of SARS-CoV-2.

The association between subclinical hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome: an update meta-analysis of observational studies.

The association between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been widely discussed. This study aimed to conduct an update and comprehensive meta-analysis to reveal the risk of MetS and its components in SCH. PubMed, Embase and ISI Web of Knowledge were searched to identify relevant studies through February 20th, 2020. Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 14.0 were used to conduct the meta-analysis. Both fixed-effects and random-effects models were used. In total, 18 articles (19 studies) incorporating 79,727 participants were included. The pooled OR for MetS comparing subjects with SCH with euthyroid subjects was 1.28 (95% CI: 1.19 to 1.39, p = 0.04, I2 = 40%). Subgroup analysis results showed significant associations of SCH and MetS in the adult subgroup (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.18-1.40), Asian population subgroup (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.19-1.42) and cross-sectional study design subgroup (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.16-1.47). Significant associations of SCH and MetS also existed in all MetS definition criteria subgroups except the Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) subgroup. SCH was correlated with MetS and was not affected by the subgroup analysis stratified by the proportion of females in the total population, the TSH cutoff value in SCH diagnostic criteria, or the adjustment for confounding factors. SCH was identified to be associated with an increased risk of obesity, hypertension, high triglyceride (TG) levels and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. In conclusion, SCH is significantly associated with an increased risk of MetS and four out of five components of MetS.

Lower normal free thyroxine is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome: a retrospective cohort on Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the relationship between thyroid hormones (THs) across the euthyroid ranges and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been widely discussed. This study aimed to present specific cutoff values of THs to assess the association between THs and MetS in a euthyroid cohort. METHODS: Data of 2694 subjects, aged 18-80 years, who attended health examination in Xi'an Electric Power Central Hospital from April 2011 to December 2015 were collected and analyzed. The first cohort enrolled 929 participants (followed up by 2221 person-years totally) to assess correlations between serum thyrotropin (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) levels and MetS. The second cohort included 698 participants (followed up by 1709 person-years totally) to evaluate relationships between serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) levels and MetS. MetS was defined according to the criteria of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) scientific statements of 2009. Euthyroidism was defined as serum TSH, FT3 and FT4 levels within the reference ranges without taking any thyroid medication. RESULTS: The cutoff values for TSH, T3, T4, FT3 and FT4 were 2.0mIU/L, 1.9 nmol/L, 117 nmol/L, 4.3 pmol/L and 16 pmol/L, respectively. Participants were categorized into two groups according to cutoff values: the lower-THs group and the higher-THs group. There was no significant difference in the risk of MetS between two groups in TSH, T3, T4 and FT3. The incidence of MetS was significantly higher in lower-FT4 group than higher-FT4 group (1.00 vs 0.622 (0.458, 0.846), P = 0.002). The lower-FT4/higher-TSH group had the highest hazard ratios of MetS. (2.131vs 1.0 (1.380,3.291), P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Lower normal FT4 (FT4 ≤ 16.0 pmol/L) is an independent risk factor for MetS, and lower normal thyroid function (TSH > 2.0 mIU/L and FT4 ≤ 16.0 pmol/L) is associated with a higher risk of developing MetS.

A Promising Mouse Model of Graves' Orbitopathy Induced by Adenovirus Expressing Thyrotropin Receptor A Subunit.

Background: Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is the most common and serious manifestation of Graves' disease (GD). It is characterized by orbital inflammation and tissue remodeling. Although several GO models have been reported, most lack a full assessment or mechanistic evaluation. Here, we established a promising mouse model mimicking many aspects of human GO with a frequency of 70% and characterized the key role of T cells in the progression of GO. Methods: An adenovirus expressing the human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor A subunit (Ad-TSHRA) was injected in the muscles of female BALB/C mice nine times to induce GO. At predetermined time points, histological examinations of retrobulbar tissues and thyroid glands were performed to dynamically monitor changes; serum autoantibodies and total thyroxine levels were examined to evaluate thyroid function. Flow cytometry of CD4+ T cell subgroups and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of splenocytes were also performed to explore the underlying mechanism. Results: After nine injections, 7 of 10 mice challenged with Ad-TSHRA developed the orbital changes associated with GO. Seven mice manifested retrobulbar fibrosis, and four mice showed adipogenesis. Exophthalmia, conjunctival redness, and orbital lymphocyte infiltration were also observed in a subset of mice. The orbitopathy was first detected after seven injections and followed the hyperplastic change observed in thyroids after four injections. Flow cytometry revealed increased proportions of Th1 cells and decreased proportions of Th2 cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the splenocytes of GO mice. This change in CD4+ T cell subgroups was confirmed by orbital immunohistochemical staining. Genes involved in T cell receptor signaling, proliferation, adhesion, inflammation, and cytotoxicity were upregulated in GO mice according to the RNA-Seq; a trend of upregulation of these GO-specific genes was observed in mice with hyperthyroidism without orbitopathy after four injections. Conclusions: A GO mouse model was successfully established by administering nine injections of Ad-TSHRA. The model was achieved with a frequency of 70% and revealed the importance of T cell immunity. A potential time window from Graves' hyperthyroidism to GO was presented for the first time. Therefore, this model could be used to study the pathogenesis and novel treatments for GO.

Effect of Dihydrotestosterone on CostimulatoryMolecules in a Mouse Model of Graves' Disease.

Objective Graves' disease is the most common autoimmune thyroid disease and its prevalence and clinical manifestations are disparate between females and males. Costimulatory molecules play an essential role in regulating autoimmune responses. The objective of this study was to determine if expression of inhibitory molecules was correlated with treatment by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in an in vivo BALB/c mouse model of experimental autoimmune Graves' disease.Methods Female BALB/c mice were immunized three times with thyroid stimulating hormone receptor A-subunit encoded by adenovirus to establish a Graves' disease model. Three different doses of DHT or a matching placebo were administered by implantation of slow-release pellets a week before the first immunization. Four weeks after the third immunization, the mice were euthanatized, and then the spleen and thymus were removed. Total thyroxine and free thyroxine levels in serum of mice were detected using a radioimmunoassay kit. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to estimate the expression of costimulatory molecules in lymphocytes from the spleen and thymus. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the percentage of CD4+ T cells in splenic lymphocytes. Quantitative data were compared with unpaired t-tests. Correlation between two variables was analyzed using Analysis of Variance.Results Treatment with DHT can dramatically reduce total thyroxine and free thyroxine levels. Higher expression of programmed death-1 was found in the spleen of Graves' disease mice receiving 5 mg of DHT treatment (0.635±0.296 vs. 0.327±0.212; t=2.714, P=0.014), similarly, T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) in both the spleen (1.004±0.338 vs. 0.646±0.314; t=2.205, P=0.022) and the thymus (0.263±0.127 vs. 0.120±0.076; t=3.221, P=0.004) also increased after 5 mg of DHT treatment compared with the parallel placebo model mice. Moreover, the percentage of CD4+ T cells declined in the splenic lymphocytes of Graves' disease mice treated with 5 mg of DHT (19.90%±3.985% vs. 24.05%±2.587%; t=2.804, P=0.012). A significant negative association was observed between expression of TIM-3 in the spleen and serum levels of total thyroxine (r=-0.7106, P=0.014) as well as free thyroxine (r=-0.6542, P=0.029).Conclusion This study demonstrates that DHT can ameliorate experimental autoimmune Graves' disease, which may occur by up-regulating expression of programmed death-1 and TIM-3 and inhibiting development of CD4+ T cells.

The Predictive Ability of Two Triglyceride-Associated Indices for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Large for Gestational Age Infant Among Chinese Pregnancies: A Preliminary Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To investigate the potential of maternal first-trimester triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) ratio, triglyceride glucose index (TyG) and total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-c to predict the risk of later gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and large for gestational age (LGA) newborn in Chinese women. METHODS: We included 352 women with a singleton pregnancy, who were followed up prospectively from the first prenatal visit until delivery. Fasting glucose and plasma lipid profiles including TG, TC, HDL-c, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were measured in the first trimester. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of GDM and LGA according to tertiles of those indices, respectively. Receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) and areas under the curve (AUC) were employed to evaluate the ability of those indices to predict the risk of GDM and LGA infants, and differences in the AUC values between them were compared. RESULTS: Women with the top tertile of TG/HDL-c or TyG other than TC/HDL-c had a significantly higher risk of GDM (ORTG/HDL-c=2.388, 95% CI 1.026-5.467; ORTyG=3.535, 95% CI 1.483-8.426, respectively) and LGA infant delivery (ORTG/HDL-c=3.742, 95% CI 1.114-12.569; ORTyG=3.011, 95% CI 1.012-8.962, respectively) than women with the lowest tertile of TG/HDL-c or TyG after adjusting for confounders. The AUC of TG/HDL-c and TyG to detect GDM was 0.664 (95% CI 0.595-0.733) and 0.686 (95% CI 0.615-0.756), respectively, and that to detect LGA was 0.646 (95% CI 0.559-0.734) and 0.643 (95% CI 0.552-0.735), respectively (all P < 0.01). There were no statistical differences between TG/HDL-c and TyG in the ability of predicting the risk of GDM or LGA infants. CONCLUSION: Maternal first-trimester TG/HDL-c and TyG are both good indicators in predicting the risk of later GDM and LGA newborn, and it may be useful to evaluate them in early pregnancy.